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Use in C#

Before you get started

Before diving into the FlatBuffers usage in C#, it should be noted that the Tutorial page has a complete guide to general FlatBuffers usage in all of the supported languages (including C#). This page is designed to cover the nuances of FlatBuffers usage, specific to C#.

You should also have read the Building documentation to build flatc and should be familiar with Using the schema compiler and Writing a schema.

FlatBuffers C# code location

The code for the FlatBuffers C# library can be found at flatbuffers/net/FlatBuffers. You can browse the library on the FlatBuffers GitHub page.

Building the FlatBuffers C# library

The FlatBuffers.csproj project contains multitargeting for .NET Standard 2.1, .NET 6 and .NET 8.

You can build for a specific framework target when using the cross-platform .NET Core SDK by adding the -f command line option:

    dotnet build -f netstandard2.1 "FlatBuffers.csproj"

The FlatBuffers.csproj project also provides support for defining various conditional compilation symbols (see "Conditional compilation symbols" section below) using the -p command line option:

    dotnet build -f netstandard2.1 -p:ENABLE_SPAN_T=true -p:UNSAFE_BYTEBUFFER=true "FlatBuffers.csproj"

Testing the FlatBuffers C# library

The code to test the libraries can be found at flatbuffers/tests.

The test code for C# is located in the FlatBuffers.Test subfolder. To run the tests, open FlatBuffers.Test.csproj in Visual Studio, and compile/run the project.

Optionally, you can run this using Mono instead. Once you have installed Mono, you can run the tests from the command line by running the following commands from inside the FlatBuffers.Test folder:

    mcs *.cs ../MyGame/Example/*.cs ../../net/FlatBuffers/*.cs
    mono Assert.exe

Using the FlatBuffers C# library

Note: See Tutorial for a more in-depth example of how to use FlatBuffers in C#.

FlatBuffers supports reading and writing binary FlatBuffers in C#.

To use FlatBuffers in your own code, first generate C# classes from your schema with the --csharp option to flatc. Then you can include both FlatBuffers and the generated code to read or write a FlatBuffer.

For example, here is how you would read a FlatBuffer binary file in C#: First, import the library and generated code. Then, you read a FlatBuffer binary file into a byte[]. You then turn the byte[] into a ByteBuffer, which you pass to the GetRootAsMyRootType function:

    using MyGame.Example;
    using Google.FlatBuffers;

    // This snippet ignores exceptions for brevity.
    byte[] data = File.ReadAllBytes("monsterdata_test.mon");

    ByteBuffer bb = new ByteBuffer(data);
    Monster monster = Monster.GetRootAsMonster(bb);

Now you can access the data from the Monster monster:

    short hp = monster.Hp;
    Vec3 pos = monster.Pos;

C# code naming follows standard C# style with PascalCasing identifiers, e.g. GetRootAsMyRootType. Also, values (except vectors and unions) are available as properties instead of parameterless accessor methods. The performance-enhancing methods to which you can pass an already created object are prefixed with Get, e.g.:

    // property
    var pos = monster.Pos;

    // method filling a preconstructed object
    var preconstructedPos = new Vec3();
    monster.GetPos(preconstructedPos);

Storing dictionaries in a FlatBuffer

FlatBuffers doesn't support dictionaries natively, but there is support to emulate their behavior with vectors and binary search, which means you can have fast lookups directly from a FlatBuffer without having to unpack your data into a Dictionary or similar.

To use it: - Designate one of the fields in a table as the "key" field. You do this by setting the key attribute on this field, e.g. name:string (key). You may only have one key field, and it must be of string or scalar type. - Write out tables of this type as usual, collect their offsets in an array. - Instead of calling standard generated method, e.g.: Monster.createTestarrayoftablesVector, call CreateSortedVectorOfMonster in C# which will first sort all offsets such that the tables they refer to are sorted by the key field, then serialize it. - Now when you're accessing the FlatBuffer, you can use the ByKey accessor to access elements of the vector, e.g.: monster.TestarrayoftablesByKey("Frodo") in C#, which returns an object of the corresponding table type, or null if not found. ByKey performs a binary search, so should have a similar speed to Dictionary, though may be faster because of better caching. ByKey only works if the vector has been sorted, it will likely not find elements if it hasn't been sorted.

Buffer verification

As mentioned in C++ Usage buffer accessor functions do not verify buffer offsets at run-time. If it is necessary, you can optionally use a buffer verifier before you access the data. This verifier will check all offsets, all sizes of fields, and null termination of strings to ensure that when a buffer is accessed, all reads will end up inside the buffer.

Each root type will have a verification function generated for it, e.g. Monster.VerifyMonster. This can be called as shown: 

    var ok = Monster.VerifyMonster(buf);
if ok is true, the buffer is safe to read.

For a more detailed control of verification MonsterVerify.Verify for Monster type can be used: 

    # Sequence of calls
    FlatBuffers.Verifier verifier = new FlatBuffers.Verifier(buf);
    var ok = verifier.VerifyBuffer("MONS", false, MonsterVerify.Verify);

    # Or single line call
    var ok = new FlatBuffers.Verifier(bb).setStringCheck(true).\
             VerifyBuffer("MONS", false, MonsterVerify.Verify);
if ok is true, the buffer is safe to read.

A second parameter of verifyBuffer specifies whether buffer content is size prefixed or not. In the example above, the buffer is assumed to not include size prefix (false).

Verifier supports options that can be set using appropriate fluent methods: * SetMaxDepth - limit the nesting depth. Default: 1000000 * SetMaxTables - total amount of tables the verifier may encounter. Default: 64 * SetAlignmentCheck - check content alignment. Default: True * SetStringCheck - check if strings contain termination '0' character. Default: true

Text parsing

There currently is no support for parsing text (Schema's and JSON) directly from C#, though you could use the C++ parser through native call interfaces available to each language. Please see the C++ documentation for more on text parsing.

Object based API

FlatBuffers is all about memory efficiency, which is why its base API is written around using as little as possible of it. This does make the API clumsier (requiring pre-order construction of all data, and making mutation harder).

For times when efficiency is less important a more convenient object based API can be used (through --gen-object-api) that is able to unpack & pack a FlatBuffer into objects and standard System.Collections.Generic containers, allowing for convenient construction, access and mutation.

To use:

    // Deserialize from buffer into object.
    MonsterT monsterobj = GetMonster(flatbuffer).UnPack();

    // Update object directly like a C# class instance.
    Console.WriteLine(monsterobj.Name);
    monsterobj.Name = "Bob";  // Change the name.

    // Serialize into new flatbuffer.
    FlatBufferBuilder fbb = new FlatBufferBuilder(1);
    fbb.Finish(Monster.Pack(fbb, monsterobj).Value);

Json Serialization

An additional feature of the object API is the ability to allow you to serialize & deserialize a JSON text. To use Json Serialization, add --cs-gen-json-serializer option to flatc and add Newtonsoft.Json nuget package to csproj. This requires explicitly setting the --gen-object-api option as well.

    // Deserialize MonsterT from json
    string jsonText = File.ReadAllText(@"Resources/monsterdata_test.json");
    MonsterT mon = MonsterT.DeserializeFromJson(jsonText);

    // Serialize MonsterT to json
    string jsonText2 = mon.SerializeToJson();
  • Limitation
  • hash attribute currently not supported.
  • NuGet package Dependency
  • Newtonsoft.Json

Conditional compilation symbols

There are three conditional compilation symbols that have an impact on performance/features of the C# ByteBuffer implementation.

  • UNSAFE_BYTEBUFFER

This will use unsafe code to manipulate the underlying byte array. This can yield a reasonable performance increase.

  • BYTEBUFFER_NO_BOUNDS_CHECK

This will disable the bounds check asserts to the byte array. This can yield a small performance gain in normal code.

  • ENABLE_SPAN_T

This will enable reading and writing blocks of memory with a Span<T> instead of just T[]. You can also enable writing directly to shared memory or other types of memory by providing a custom implementation of ByteBufferAllocator. ENABLE_SPAN_T also requires UNSAFE_BYTEBUFFER to be defined, or .NET Standard 2.1.

Using UNSAFE_BYTEBUFFER and BYTEBUFFER_NO_BOUNDS_CHECK together can yield a performance gain of ~15% for some operations, however doing so is potentially dangerous. Do so at your own risk!